Arthur Schopenhauer, the 19th-century German philosopher, built his entire metaphysical system around a single, fundamental concept: will. Not willpower, not conscious intent, but a blind, aimless, ceaseless force that underlies everything in existence. To Schopenhauer, will is reality itself. What we see, hear, think, and feel—what we call the “world”—is just a representation of that…
Platonism is one of the most enduring and influential philosophical traditions in history. Rooted in the teachings of Plato, this school of thought has shaped everything from metaphysics and ethics to political theory and mathematics. Over the centuries, Platonism has evolved, branching into Middle Platonism, Neoplatonism, and modern adaptations. Understanding its development offers insight into…
Pythagoras. The name alone evokes thoughts of triangles and high school math. But the man behind the famous theorem was far more than a mathematician. He was a philosopher, a mystic, and—depending on who you ask—almost a deity.